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Model report

Tested on 7 places in India the model never saw in training, 2,800 tiles. Input is 9.55 m Sentinel-2 L2A (8 dates stacked into 24 channels); output is 2.39 m pixel spacing, 4x more pixels in each direction. Pixel spacing is not resolution: resolvable detail is coarser.

In season

Sentinel-2 dates close to the aerial reference image.

ModelcPSNR (dB)SSIMLPIPSEdge-F1
Bicubic upscaling20.58-0.5880.405
India model (starting point)20.100.4270.2330.641
Model 1 (B)20.390.4590.1970.642

Off season, about 6 months from the reference: Model 1 LPIPS 0.233 vs 0.266 for the India model and 0.611 for bicubic; Edge-F1 0.570 vs 0.565 vs 0.350.

Weak spots: snow and flat farmland are hardest (snow LPIPS about 0.31), and the models don't beat bicubic on cPSNR, a metric that rewards blur.

What the numbers mean

cPSNR
Pixel-by-pixel agreement with the aerial image, forgiving small shifts and brightness offsets.
SSIM
Structural similarity, from 0 to 1.
LPIPS
How different two images look to a network trained to mimic human judgement. Lower is better.
Edge-F1
Whether roads, building outlines and field boundaries are in the same places as in the aerial image.

Models

Model 1: ArcGIS colours
Trained against ArcGIS World Imagery, so it looks like the aerial map. Variant B was chosen.
Model 2: Sentinel colours, computed
Model 1's detail, recoloured so every 4x4 block matches the Sentinel-2 input's colour.
Model 3: Sentinel colours, trained
Learns the same goal directly. Training in progress; no results yet.

Use it carefully

  • The output is a prediction, not real 2 m imagery.
  • Index values are Sentinel-2 native resolution and are never super-resolved.
  • Boundaries are model-derived and may be wrong where confidence is low.
  • Check it before anything safety-critical or legal.
  • Trained and tested on India only: 55 places, about 104,000 training pairs.